Sunburn and Sun Damage

Sunburn is acute inflammatory damage caused by excessive UV exposure. Chronic sun damage, on the other hand, is the accumulation of UV effects over the years, contributing to the risk of skin discoloration, wrinkles, loss of elasticity, actinic keratosis, and skin cancer.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) is strongly associated with sunburn and direct DNA damage; ultraviolet A (UVA) penetrates deeper and contributes significantly to oxidative stress and photoaging. Both wavelengths play a role in photocarcinogenesis.

For mild sunburn, the basic approach is to end exposure, take a cool shower/compress, apply moisturizer, and ensure adequate fluid intake. Do not apply ice, strong acids, retinoids, or irritating home products directly to the damaged skin.

Blister formation suggests a deeper burn. Blisters should not be intentionally burst. Widespread blistering, severe pain, high fever, chills, vomiting, dizziness, marked weakness, or dehydration warrant medical evaluation.

Tanning is not a healthy "protective layer"; it's a biological response to UV rays and indicates that damage has occurred. Solariums are also not a safe method of tanning.

Chronic photodamage can lead to pigment irregularities, solar lentigo, telangiectasia, rough texture, wrinkles, and actinic keratosis. Topical retinoids and selected laser/light treatments can reduce some clinical findings; however, the cornerstone of preventing new damage is broad-spectrum photoprotection.